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1 School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
2 Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
3 School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jajohnson{at}pharmacy.wisc.edu.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder with immune-complex deposition that affects multiple organs. Previous studies have suggested the involvement of oxidative stress and apoptosis in SLE, but no clear link to etiology has been established. Here we show that mice deficient in a transcription factor responsible for controlling the expression of numerous detoxification and antioxidant genes develop an autoimmune disease with multiple organ pathologies that closely resembles human SLE. Aged female mice with a knockout of nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2 (nrf2) are prone to develop antibodies against double stranded DNA and the Smith antigen as well as IgG, IgM, and C3 deposition in kidney, liver, heart, and brain. Prior to the development of autoimmune antibodies and organ pathology, oxidative damage occurs in the liver and kidney as indicated by the increased levels of the DNA oxidation marker 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine and the later increase in the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde. Gene expression profiles demonstrate an early decrease in numerous antioxidant and detoxification genes in the livers and altered levels of cytokines and T and B cell-specific genes in the spleens of nrf2 knockout mice. These data strongly suggest that a deficiency in detoxification and increased oxidative stress can result in the development of a systemic autoimmune disease.
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