Salivary fluid, the collective product of numerous major and minor salivary glands, contains a range of secretory proteins that play key defensive, digestive and gustatory roles in the oral cavity. To understand the distinct protein 'signature' contributed by individual salivary glands to salivary secretions, we studied a family of proteins shown by in vitro mRNA translation to be abundantly expressed in mouse sublingual glands. Molecular cloning, Southern blotting and RFLP analyses showed these to represent one known and two novel members of the Common Salivary Protein (CSP-1)/Demilune cell and parotid protein (Dcpp) salivary protein family, the genes for which are closely-linked in the T-complex region of mouse chromosome 17. Bioinformatic analysis identified a putative human CSP-1/Dcpp orthologue, HRPE773, expressed predominantly in human salivary tissue, that shows 31% amino acid identity and 45% amino acid similarity to the mouse Dcpp query sequence. The corresponding human gene displays a similar structure to the mouse Dcpp genes and is located on human chromosome 16 in a region known to be syntenic with the T-complex region of mouse chromosome 17. The predicted mouse and human proteins both display classical N-terminal signal sequences, putative jacalin-related lectin (JRL) domains and potential N-linked glycosylation sites, suggesting secretion via sublingual saliva into the oral cavity where they may display antimicrobial activity or provide a defensive coating to enamel. Identification of a human CSP-1/Dcpp orthologue therefore provides a key tool for investigation of salivary protein function in human oral health and disease.