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Physiol. Genomics (April 2, 2003). doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00034.2002
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Submitted on March 26, 2002
Accepted on March 31, 2003

Evolutionary changes in heat-inducible gene expressionin lines of Escherichia coli adapted to high temperature

Michelle M Riehle1*, Albert F Bennett1, Richard E Lenski2, and Anthony D Long1

1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
2 Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: mriehle{at}uci.edu.

The involvement of heat-inducible genes, including the heat-shock genes, in the acute response to temperature stress is well established. However, their importance in genetic adaptation to long-term temperature stress is less clear. Here we use high-density arrays to examine changes in expression for 35 heat-inducible genes in three independent lines of Escherichia coli that evolved at high temperature (41.5°C) for 2,000 generations. These lines exhibited significant changes in heat-inducible gene expression relative to their ancestor, including parallel changes in fkpA, gapA, and hslT. As a group, the heat-inducible genes were significantly more likely than non-candidate genes to have evolved changes in expression. Genes encoding molecular chaperones and ATP dependent proteases, key components of the cytoplasmic stress response, exhibit relatively little expression change; while genes with periplasmic functions exhibit significant expression changes suggesting a key role for the extracytoplasmic stress response in the adaptation to high temperature. Following acclimation at 41.5°C, two of the three lines exhibited significantly improved survival at 50°C, indicating changes in inducible thermotolerance. Thus, evolution at high temperature led to significant changes at the molecular level in heat-inducible gene expression, and at the organismal level in inducible thermotolerance and fitness.




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