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Articles in PresS, published online ahead of print July 23, 2002
Physiol Genomics, 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00028.2002
Submitted on March 19, 2002
Accepted on July 18, 2002
1 Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
2 Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
3 National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
4 Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: sroth{at}hgen.pitt.edu.
The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of age, sex, and strength training (ST) on large-scale gene expression patterns in vastus lateralis muscle biopsies using high-density cDNA microarrays and quantitative PCR. Muscle samples from sedentary young (20-30 yr.) and older (65-75 yr.) men and women (5 per group) were obtained before and after a nine-week unilateral heavy resistance strength training (ST) program. RNA was hybridized to cDNA filter microarrays representing ~4000 known human genes and comparisons were made among arrays to determine differential gene expression as a result of age and sex differences, and/or response to ST. Sex had the strongest influence on muscle gene expression, with differential expression (>1.7-fold) observed for ~200 genes between men and women (~75% with higher expression in men). Age contributed to differential expression as well, as approximately 50 genes were identified as differentially expressed (>1.7-fold) in relation to age, representing structural, metabolic, and regulatory gene classes. Sixty nine genes were identified as being differentially expressed (>1.7-fold) in all groups in response to ST, and the majority of these were down-regulated. Quantitative PCR was employed to validate expression levels for caldesmon, SWI/SNF (BAF60b), and four-and-a-half LIM domains 1. These significant differences suggest that in the analysis of skeletal muscle gene expression issues of sex, age, and habitual physical activity must be addressed, with sex being the most critical variable.
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