| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
1 Renal Division, Department of Medicine
2 Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115
3 Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459
4 Bioinformatics and Metabolic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institutes of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01890
5 Bioinformatics Program
6 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston 02215
7 Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115
8 Center for Neurologic Diseases, and Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115
9 Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown Massachusetts 02129
10 Division of Women’s and Perinatal Pathology, Department of Pathology
11 Division Thoracic Surgery
12 Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
13 Affymetrix, Inc., Santa Clara, California 95051
This study creates a compendium of gene expression in normal human tissues suitable as a reference for defining basic organ systems biology. Using oligonucleotide microarrays, we analyze 59 samples representing 19 distinct tissue types. Of 
7,000 genes analyzed, 451 genes are expressed in all tissue types and designated as housekeeping genes. These genes display significant variation in expression levels among tissues and are sufficient for discerning tissue-specific expression signatures, indicative of fundamental differences in biochemical processes. In addition, subsets of tissue-selective genes are identified that define key biological processes characterizing each organ. This compendium highlights similarities and differences among organ systems and different individuals and also provides a publicly available resource (Human Gene Expression Index, the HuGE Index, http://www.hugeindex.org) for future studies of pathophysiology.
microarrays; human tissues; gene expression; bioinformatics
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  R G E van Eijsden, L M T Eijssen, P J Lindsey, C M M van den Burg, L E A de Wit, M E Rubio-Gozalbo, C E M de Die, T Ayoubi, W Sluiter, I F M de Coo, et al. Termination of damaged protein repair defines the occurrence of symptoms in carriers of the m.3243A>G tRNALeu mutation J. Med. Genet., August 1, 2008; 45(8): 525 - 534. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. K. Sharma, N. Kumar, S. K. Brahmachari, and S. Ramachandran Abundance of dinucleotide repeats and gene expression are inversely correlated: a role for gene function in addition to intron length Physiol Genomics, September 11, 2007; 31(1): 96 - 103. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. Limviphuvadh, S. Tanaka, S. Goto, K. Ueda, and M. Kanehisa The commonality of protein interaction networks determined in neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) Bioinformatics, August 15, 2007; 23(16): 2129 - 2138. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Allegrucci and L.E. Young Differences between human embryonic stem cell lines Hum. Reprod. Update, March 1, 2007; 13(2): 103 - 120. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. C. Hsu, J. Chang, T. Wang, E. Steingrimsson, M. K. Magnusson, and K. Bergsteinsdottir Statistically designing microarrays and microarray experiments to enhance sensitivity and specificity Brief Bioinform, January 1, 2007; 8(1): 22 - 31. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Mueller, D. Papamichail, J. R. Coleman, S. Skiena, and E. Wimmer Reduction of the Rate of Poliovirus Protein Synthesis through Large-Scale Codon Deoptimization Causes Attenuation of Viral Virulence by Lowering Specific Infectivity J. Virol., October 1, 2006; 80(19): 9687 - 9696. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Liang, Y. Li, X. Be, S. Howes, and W. Liu Detecting and profiling tissue-selective genes Physiol Genomics, September 14, 2006; 26(2): 158 - 162. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Kullberg, M. A. Nilsson, U. Arnason, E. H. Harley, and A. Janke Housekeeping Genes for Phylogenetic Analysis of Eutherian Relationships Mol. Biol. Evol., August 1, 2006; 23(8): 1493 - 1503. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Guo, Y. Ma, R. Ward, V. Castranova, X. Shi, and Y. Qian Constructing Molecular Classifiers for the Accurate Prognosis of Lung Adenocarcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res., June 1, 2006; 12(11): 3344 - 3354. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. J. Kim, D. J. Dix, K. E. Thompson, R. N. Murrell, J. E. Schmid, J. E. Gallagher, and J. C. Rockett Gene expression in head hair follicles plucked from men and women. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci., March 1, 2006; 36(2): 115 - 126. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Ishii, A. M. Wallace, X. Zhang, J. Gosselink, R. T. Abboud, J. C. English, P. D. Pare, and A. J. Sandford Stability of housekeeping genes in alveolar macrophages from COPD patients Eur. Respir. J., February 1, 2006; 27(2): 300 - 306. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Hughes, S. J. Longhorn, A. Papadopoulou, K. Theodorides, A. de Riva, M. Mejia-Chang, P. G. Foster, and A. P. Vogler Dense Taxonomic EST Sampling and Its Applications for Molecular Systematics of the Coleoptera (Beetles) Mol. Biol. Evol., February 1, 2006; 23(2): 268 - 278. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. de la Grange, M. Dutertre, N. Martin, and D. Auboeuf FAST DB: a website resource for the study of the expression regulation of human gene products Nucleic Acids Res., July 28, 2005; 33(13): 4276 - 4284. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. V. Jongeneel, M. Delorenzi, C. Iseli, D. Zhou, C. D. Haudenschild, I. Khrebtukova, D. Kuznetsov, B. J. Stevenson, R. L. Strausberg, A. J.G. Simpson, et al. An atlas of human gene expression from massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS) Genome Res., July 1, 2005; 15(7): 1007 - 1014. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K.M. Whitworth, C. Agca, J.-G. Kim, R.V. Patel, G.K. Springer, N.J. Bivens, L.J. Forrester, N. Mathialagan, J.A. Green, and R.S. Prather Transcriptional Profiling of Pig Embryogenesis by Using a 15-K Member Unigene Set Specific for Pig Reproductive Tissues and Embryos Biol Reprod, June 1, 2005; 72(6): 1437 - 1451. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. D. Barber, D. W. Harmer, R. A. Coleman, and B. J. Clark GAPDH as a housekeeping gene: analysis of GAPDH mRNA expression in a panel of 72 human tissues Physiol Genomics, May 11, 2005; 21(3): 389 - 395. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Sharma, V. K. Sharma, S. Horn-Saban, D. Lancet, S. Ramachandran, and S. K. Brahmachari Assessing natural variations in gene expression in humans by comparing with monozygotic twins using microarrays Physiol Genomics, March 21, 2005; 21(1): 117 - 123. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Yanai, H. Benjamin, M. Shmoish, V. Chalifa-Caspi, M. Shklar, R. Ophir, A. Bar-Even, S. Horn-Saban, M. Safran, E. Domany, et al. Genome-wide midrange transcription profiles reveal expression level relationships in human tissue specification Bioinformatics, March 1, 2005; 21(5): 650 - 659. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. B. Larrabee, K. L. Johnson, C. Lai, J. Ordovas, J. M. Cowan, U. Tantravahi, and D. W. Bianchi Global Gene Expression Analysis of the Living Human Fetus Using Cell-Free Messenger RNA in Amniotic Fluid JAMA, February 16, 2005; 293(7): 836 - 842. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. X. Jin, Y.-W. Leu, S. Liyanarachchi, H. Sun, M. Fan, K. P. Nephew, T. H.-M. Huang, and R. V. Davuluri Identifying estrogen receptor {alpha} target genes using integrated computational genomics and chromatin immunoprecipitation microarray Nucleic Acids Res., December 17, 2004; 32(22): 6627 - 6635. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. K. Raymond, J. Castle, P. Garrett-Engele, C. D. Armour, Z. Kan, N. Tsinoremas, and J. M. Johnson Expression of Alternatively Spliced Sodium Channel {alpha}-Subunit Genes: UNIQUE SPLICING PATTERNS ARE OBSERVED IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA J. Biol. Chem., October 29, 2004; 279(44): 46234 - 46241. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. B. Plotkin, H. Robins, and A. J. Levine Tissue-specific codon usage and the expression of human genes PNAS, August 24, 2004; 101(34): 12588 - 12591. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. T. Clark, M. S. Bodnar, M. Fox, R. T. Rodriquez, M. J. Abeyta, M. T. Firpo, and R. A. R. Pera Spontaneous differentiation of germ cells from human embryonic stem cells in vitro Hum. Mol. Genet., April 1, 2004; 13(7): 727 - 739. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Abeyta, A. T. Clark, R. T. Rodriguez, M. S. Bodnar, R. A. R. Pera, and M. T. Firpo Unique gene expression signatures of independently-derived human embryonic stem cell lines Hum. Mol. Genet., March 15, 2004; 13(6): 601 - 608. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Zhang and W.-H. Li Mammalian Housekeeping Genes Evolve More Slowly than Tissue-Specific Genes Mol. Biol. Evol., February 1, 2004; 21(2): 236 - 239. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Chowers, D. Liu, R. H. Farkas, T. L. Gunatilaka, A. S. Hackam, S. L. Bernstein, P. A. Campochiaro, G. Parmigiani, and D. J. Zack Gene expression variation in the adult human retina Hum. Mol. Genet., November 15, 2003; 12(22): 2881 - 2893. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Bortoluzzi, C. Romualdi, A. Bisognin, and G. A. Danieli Disease genes and intracellular protein networks Physiol Genomics, November 11, 2003; 15(3): 223 - 227. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S.-H. Zhao, D. Nettleton, W. Liu, C. Fitzsimmons, C.W. Ernst, N. E. Raney, and C. K. Tuggle Complementary DNA macroarray analyses of differential gene expression in porcine fetal and postnatal muscle J Anim Sci, September 1, 2003; 81(9): 2179 - 2188. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Liang, A. G. Briggs, E. Rute, A. S. Greene, and A. W. Cowley Jr. Quantitative assessment of the importance of dye switching and biological replication in cDNA microarray studies Physiol Genomics, August 15, 2003; 14(3): 199 - 207. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. T. Nasim, T. K. Chernova, H. M. Chowdhury, B.-G. Yue, and I. C. Eperon HnRNP G and Tra2{beta}: opposite effects on splicing matched by antagonism in RNA binding Hum. Mol. Genet., June 1, 2003; 12(11): 1337 - 1348. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Boeuf, J. Keijer, N. L. W. Franssen-Van Hal, and S. Klaus Individual variation of adipose gene expression and identification of covariated genes by cDNA microarrays Physiol Genomics, October 2, 2002; 11(1): 31 - 36. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Misra, W. Schmitt, D. Hwang, L.-L. Hsiao, S. Gullans, G. Stephanopoulos, and G. Stephanopoulos Interactive Exploration of Microarray Gene Expression Patterns in a Reduced Dimensional Space Genome Res., July 1, 2002; 12(7): 1112 - 1120. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Wallqvist, A. A. Rabow, R. H. Shoemaker, E. A. Sausville, and D. G. Covell Establishing Connections between Microarray Expression Data and Chemotherapeutic Cancer Pharmacology Mol. Cancer Ther., March 1, 2002; 1(5): 311 - 320. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. BUTTE, V. J. DZAU, and S. B. GLUECK Further defining housekeeping, or "maintenance," genes Focus on "A compendium of gene expression in normal human tissues" Physiol Genomics, December 21, 2001; 7(2): 95 - 96. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. A. Sonna, S. L. Gaffin, R. E. Pratt, M. L. Cullivan, K. C. Angel, and C. M. Lilly Molecular Biology of Thermoregulation: Selected Contribution: Effect of acute heat shock on gene expression by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells J Appl Physiol, May 1, 2002; 92(5): 2208 - 2220. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| Visit Other APS Journals Online |
