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Physiol. Genomics 35: 316-329, 2008. First published September 9, 2008; doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00044.2008
1094-8341/08 $8.00
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Received 27 February 2008; accepted in final form 8 September 2008.
Physiological Genomics 35:316-329 (2008)
1094-8341/08 $8.00 © 2008 American Physiological Society

Sex-specific hippocampus-dependent cognitive deficits and increased neuronal autophagy in DEspR haploinsufficiency in mice

Victoria L. M. Herrera1, Julius L. Decano1, Pia Bagamasbad1, Timothy Kufahl1, Martin Steffen2 and Nelson Ruiz-Opazo1

1 Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
2 School of Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts

Aside from abnormal angiogenesis, dual endothelin-1/VEGF signal peptide-activated receptor deficiency (DEspR–/–) results in aberrant neuroepithelium and neural tube differentiation, thus elucidating DEspR's role in neurogenesis. With the emerging importance of neurogenesis in adulthood, we tested the hypothesis that nonembryonic-lethal DEspR haploinsufficiency (DEspR+/–) perturbs neuronal homeostasis, thereby facilitating aging-associated neurodegeneration. Here we show that, in male mice only, DEspR-haploinsufficiency impaired hippocampus-dependent visuospatial and associative learning and induced noninflammatory spongiform changes, neuronal vacuolation, and loss in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and subcortical regions, consistent with autophagic cell death. In contrast, DEspR+/– females exhibited better cognitive performance than wild-type females and showed absence of neuropathological changes. Signaling pathway analysis revealed DEspR-mediated phosphorylation of activators of autophagy inhibitor mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and dephosphorylation of known autophagy inducers. Altogether, the data demonstrate DEspR-mediated diametrical, sex-specific modulation of cognitive performance and autophagy, highlight cerebral neuronal vulnerability to autophagic dysregulation, and causally link DEspR haploinsufficiency with increased neuronal autophagy, spongiosis, and cognitive decline in mice.

learning and memory; Morris water maze; social transmission of food preference; social recognition; signaling pathway






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