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Physiol. Genomics 22: 283-291, 2005. First published April 26, 2005; doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00158.2004 Free Article
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Received 23 July 2004; accepted in final form 20 April 2005.
Physiological Genomics 22:283-291 (2005)
1094-8341/05 $8.00 © 2005 American Physiological Society

Definition of the unique human extraocular muscle allotype by expression profiling

M. Dominik Fischer1,2,*, Murat T. Budak1,*, Marina Bakay3, J. Rafael Gorospe3, D. Kjellgren4, F. Pedrosa-Domellöf4, Eric P. Hoffman3 and Tejvir S. Khurana1

1 Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
2 Fakultät für Medizin, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
3 Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
4 Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section of Anatomy and Department of Clinical Sciences, Ophthalmology, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden

The extraocular muscles (EOMs) are a unique group of specialized muscles that are anatomically and physiologically distinct from other skeletal muscles. Perhaps the most striking characteristic of the EOMs is their differential sensitivity to disease. EOMs are spared in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD) despite widespread involvement of other skeletal muscles. Conversely, they are early and prominent targets in myasthenia gravis and mitochondrial myopathies. It is unclear how EOMs achieve such specialization or a differential response to diseases; however, this has been attributed to a unique, group-specific pattern of gene expression or "allotype." To begin to address these issues as well as define the human EOM allotype, we analyzed the human EOM transcriptome using oligonucleotide-based expression profiling. Three hundred thirty-eight genes were found to be differentially expressed in EOM compared with quadriceps femoris limb muscle, using a twofold cutoff. Functional characterization revealed expression patterns corresponding to known metabolic and structural properties of EOMs such as expression of EOM-specific myosin heavy chain (MYH13) and high neural, vascular, and mitochondrial content, suggesting that the profiling was sensitive and specific. Genes related to myogenesis, stem cells, and apoptosis were detected at high levels in normal human EOMs, suggesting that efficient and continuous regeneration and/or myogenesis may be a mechanism by which the EOMs remain clinically and pathologically spared in diseases such as DMD. Taken together, this study provides insight into how human EOMs achieve their unique structural, metabolic, and pathophysiological properties.

regeneration; stem cells; expression profile; Duchenne's muscular dystrophy; transcriptome




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