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Physiol. Genomics 20: 21-35, 2004. First published September 28, 2004; doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00036.2004
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Microarray analyses identify molecular biomarkers of Atlantic salmon macrophage and hematopoietic kidney response to Piscirickettsia salmonis infection

¹ Great Lakes Wisconsin Aquatic Technology and Environmental Research (WATER) Institute, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
² Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo
³ Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria
⁴ Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada

Piscirickettsia salmonis is the intracellular bacterium that causes salmonid rickettsial septicemia, an infectious disease that kills millions of farmed fish each year. The mechanisms used by P. salmonis to survive and replicate within host cells are not known. Piscirickettsiosis causes severe necrosis of hematopoietic kidney. Microarray-based experiments with QPCR validation were used to identify Atlantic salmon macrophage and hematopoietic kidney genes differentially transcribed in response to P. salmonis infection. Infections were confirmed by microscopy and RT-PCR with pathogen-specific primers. In infected salmon macrophages, 71 different transcripts were upregulated and 31 different transcripts were downregulated. In infected hematopoietic kidney, 30 different transcripts were upregulated and 39 different transcripts were downregulated. Ten antioxidant genes, including glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and cytochrome b558 - and ß-subunits, were upregulated in infected macrophages but not in infected hematopoietic kidney. Changes in redox status of infected macrophages may allow these cells to tolerate P. salmonis infection, raising the possibility that treatment with antioxidants may reduce hematopoietic tissue damage caused by this rickettsial infection. The downregulation of transcripts involved in adaptive immune responses (e.g., T cell receptor -chain and C-C chemokine receptor 7) in infected hematopoietic kidney but not in infected macrophages may contribute to infection-induced kidney tissue damage. Molecular biomarkers of P. salmonis infection, characterized by immune-relevant functional annotations and high fold differences in expression between infected and noninfected samples, may aid in the development of anti-piscirickettsial vaccines and therapeutics.

Salmo salar; salmonid rickettsial septicemia; antioxidant

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