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Physiol. Genomics 14: 47-58, 2003. First published April 2, 2003; doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00034.2002
1094-8341/03 $5.00
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Received 26 March 2002; accepted in final form 31 March 2003.
Physiological Genomics 14:47-58 (2003)
1094-8341/03 $5.00 © 2003 American Physiological Society

Evolutionary changes in heat-inducible gene expression in lines of Escherichia coli adapted to high temperature

Michelle M. Riehle1, Albert F. Bennett1, Richard E. Lenski2 and Anthony D. Long1

1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2525
2 Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-4320

The involvement of heat-inducible genes, including the heat-shock genes, in the acute response to temperature stress is well established. However, their importance in genetic adaptation to long-term temperature stress is less clear. Here we use high-density arrays to examine changes in expression for 35 heat-inducible genes in three independent lines of Escherichia coli that evolved at high temperature (41.5°C) for 2,000 generations. These lines exhibited significant changes in heat-inducible gene expression relative to their ancestor, including parallel changes in fkpA, gapA, and hslT. As a group, the heat-inducible genes were significantly more likely than noncandidate genes to have evolved changes in expression. Genes encoding molecular chaperones and ATP-dependent proteases, key components of the cytoplasmic stress response, exhibit relatively little expression change; whereas genes with periplasmic functions exhibit significant expression changes suggesting a key role for the extracytoplasmic stress response in the adaptation to high temperature. Following acclimation at 41.5°C, two of the three lines exhibited significantly improved survival at 50°C, indicating changes in inducible thermotolerance. Thus evolution at high temperature led to significant changes at the molecular level in heat-inducible gene expression and at the organismal level in inducible thermotolerance and fitness.

adaptation; functional genomics; heat-shock response; stress genes; thermotolerance; arabinose-utilization phenotype




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