Resiquimod is a compound belonging to the imidazoquinoline family of compounds known to signal through Toll-like receptor 7. Resiquimod treatment has been demonstrated to inhibit the development of allergen induced asthma in experimental models. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the molecular processes which were altered following resiquimod treatment and allergen challenge in a mouse model of allergic asthma. Employing microarray analysis, we have characterized the "asthmatic" transcriptome of the lungs of A/J and C57BL/6 mice and determined that it includes genes involved in the control of cell cycle progression, the complement and coagulation cascades, and chemokine signalling. Our results demonstrated that resiquimod treatment resulted in the normalization of the expression of genes involved with airway remodelling, and generally, chemokine signalling. Resiquimod treatment also altered the expression of cell adhesion molecules, and molecules involved in natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that systemic resiquimod administration resulted in the recruitment of NK cells to the lungs and livers of the mice, although no causal relationship between NK cell recruitment and treatment efficacy was found. Overall, our findings identified several genes, important in the development of asthma pathology, that were normalized following resiquimod treatment, thus improving our understanding of the molecular consequences of resiquimod treatment in the lung milieu. The recruitment of NK cells to the lungs may also have application in the treatment of virally induced asthma exacerbations.